REDOX REACTION

REDOX REACTION are chemical reactions in which both oxidation and reduction occurs simultaneously.
OXIDATION : gain oxygen, loss hydrogen.
REDUCTION : loss oxygen, gain hydrogen.
OXIDISING AGENT : a substance that cause oxidation and get reduced.
REDUCING AGENT : a substance that causes reduction and get oxidised.
OXIDATION NUMBER : charge that atom of element would have if complete transfer of electrons take place.

SALT

In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). These component ions can be inorganic such as chloride (Cl⁻), as well as organic such as acetate (CH₃COO⁻) and monatomic ions such as fluoride (F⁻), as well as polyatomic ions such as sulfate (SO₄²⁻).
There are several varieties of salts. Salts that hydrolyze to produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are basic salts and salts that hydrolyze to produce hydronium ions in water are acid salts. Neutral salts are those that are neither acid nor basic salts. Zwitterions contain an anionic center and a cationic center in the same molecule but are not considered to be salts. Examples include amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins.
Molten salts and solutions containing dissolved salts (e.g., sodium chloride in water) are called electrolytes, as they are able to conduct electricity. As observed in the cytoplasm of cells, in blood, urine, plant saps and mineral waters, mixtures of many different ions in solution usually do not form defined salts after evaporation of the water. Therefore, their salt content is given for the respective ions.

SOURCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29

PERIODIC TABLE (SPM)

as we know, in malaysia, students start learning chemistry at form 4 level. before learning chemistry in more detail, it is important to know about periodic table. Each group has its own properties.take a look at http://www.webelements.com/pictures.html

SN1 SN2 MECHANISM??

Many organic students have confusion on SN1 and SN2 mechanism..including me...after doing some exercises, I already understand it..how about you try this quiz???
click here

RATE OF REACTION

rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction. There are few factors that affect the rate of reaction : surface area of a solid reactant, temperature, concentration, presence of catalyst and pressure(for gaseous reaction)

TIPS FOR SPM CHEMISTRY STUDENTS ( ANSWERING STRUCTURED AND ESSAYS QUESTIONS )

1. Read each question carefully before answering it.

2. Time yourself so you do not run of time.

3. Provide short answer to the question which start with the following words :
**List
**Name
**State

4. Provide longer answer to the question which start with the following words :
**Describe
**Explain
**Why does this
**Suggest

5. Look at the mark printed on the end of the question. The mark will tell you how many points the examiner is looking for in your answer.

6. Show all steps in the working of calculations.

7. Try to write something for every part of each question.

8. Set your answer neatly and logically. Untidy work make examiner difficult to read.

9. Use left over time to check all the questions. Ensure that :
**all chemical equation is balanced
**all chemica formulae is correct
**you give the full name of reagent

reference : L.Y. Choong (2008). Model test papers for spm chemistry. Subang Jaya : SAP Publications (M) Sdn. Bhd.

TIPS FOR SPM CHEMISTRY STUDENTS ( ANSWERING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS )

1. read each question carefully

2. read through all the alternatives before making decision

3. if you cannot answer a question, leave it out and return to it at the end

4. if you do not know the correct answer, you can improve your chances by eliminating as many wrong answer as possible

5. ensure you give an answer to every question
6. as a rough guide, spend not more than 1.5 minutes to each question


reference : L.Y. Choong (2008).Model test papers for spm chemistry. Subang Jaya : SAP Publications (M) Sdn bhd.